How does St. Thomas Aquinas view the moral nature of the passions in themselves?
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They are inherently evil and must be suppressed.
They are inherently good and should always be followed.
They are morally neutral and become good or evil only when commanded by or contrary to reason and will.
They are divine gifts that are always morally perfect.
2. What is the difference between the concupiscible and irascible appetites?
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The concupiscible is rational, while the irascible is irrational.
The concupiscible concerns a simple good/evil, while the irascible concerns a good/evil that is difficult to attain or avoid.
The concupiscible is found in humans, while the irascible is found in animals.
The concupiscible leads to virtue, while the irascible leads to vice.
3. What does Aquinas mean by a "consequent passion"?
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A passion that arises before the judgment of reason, clouding it.
A passion that is a consequence of original sin.
A passion that follows and is commanded by an act of the will, which can increase the goodness of an action.
A passion that has no moral consequence.
4. According to Aquinas's classification, which of the following is the most fundamental passion of the concupiscible appetite, from which others like desire and joy arise?
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Hatred
Hope
Anger
Love
5. How does the chapter describe the modern "Hypnocracy's" approach to the passions?
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It seeks to eliminate passions through technology.
It treats passions as resources to be systematically inflamed and exploited for profit and control.
It encourages the rational ordering of passions for a virtuous life.
It ignores the passions as irrelevant to modern life.